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A discourse community is a group of people who share a set of discourses, understood as basic values and assumptions, and ways of communicating about those goals. Linguist John Swales defined discourse communities as "groups that have goals or purposes, and use communication to achieve these goals."〔Borg, Erik. (Discourse communities ) (ELT Journal 57:4)〕 Some examples of a discourse community might be those who read and/or contribute to a particular academic journal, or members of an email list for Madonna fans. Each discourse community has its own unwritten rules about what can be said and how it can be said: for instance, the journal will not accept an article with the claim that “Discourse is the coolest concept”; on the other hand, members of the email list may or may not appreciate a Freudian analysis of Madonna’s latest single. Most people move within and between different discourse communities every day. Since the discourse community itself is intangible, it is easier to imagine discourse communities in terms of the fora in which they operate. The hypothetical journal and email list can each be seen as an example of a forum, or a "concrete, local manifestation of the operation of the discourse community".〔Porter, J. (1992). Audience and Rhetoric: An Archaeological Composition of the Discourse Community. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.〕 The term was first used by sociolinguist Martin Nystrand in 1982,〔Nystrand, M. (1982) ''What Writers Know: The Language, Process, and Structure of Written Discourse.'' New York: Academic〕 and further developed by American linguist John Swales.〔Swales, J. M. (1990) ''Genre Analysis: English in academic and research settings''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.〕 Writing about the acquisition of academic writing styles of those who are learning English as an additional language, Swales presents six defining characteristics: :A discourse community: :# has a broadly agreed set of common public goals. :# has mechanisms of intercommunication among its members. :# uses its participatory mechanisms primarily to provide information and feedback. :# utilizes and hence possesses one or more genres in the communicative furtherance of its aims. :# in addition to owning genres, it has acquired some specific lexis. :# has a threshold level of members with a suitable degree of relevant content and discoursal expertise. James Porter defined the discourse community as: “a local and temporary constraining system, defined by a body of texts (or more generally, practices) that are unified by a common focus. A discourse community is a textual system with stated and unstated conventions, a vital history, mechanisms for wielding power, institutional hierarchies, vested interests, and so on.” 〔 Argumentation theorists Chaim Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyceta offer the following statement on the conditioned nature of all discourse, which has applicability to the concept of discourse community: "All language is the language of community, be this a community bound by biological ties, or by the practice of a common discipline or technique. The terms used, their meaning, their definition, can only be understood in the context of the habits, ways of thought, methods, external circumstances, and tradition known to the users of those terms. A deviation from usage requires justification ..." 〔Perelman, Chaim and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyceta (1969) ''The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation''. Trans. John Wilkinson and Purcell Weaver.〕 "Producing text within a discourse community," according to Patricia Bizzell, "cannot take place unless the writer can define her goals in terms of the community's interpretive conventions."〔Bizzell, P. (1992) ''Academic Discourse and Critical Consciousness.'' Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.〕 In other words, one cannot simply produce any text — it must fit the standards of the discourse community to which it is appealing. If one wants to become a member of a certain discourse community, it requires more than learning the lingo. It requires understanding concepts and expectations set up within that community. The language used by discourse communities can be described as a register or diatype, and members generally join a discourse community through training or personal persuasion. This is in contrast to the speech community (or the 'native discourse community', to use Bizzell's term), who speak a language or dialect inherited by birth or adoption. ==Designing a Discourse Community== One tool that is commonly used for designing a discourse community is a map. The map could provide the common goals, values, specialized vocabulary and specialized genre of the discourse community. This tool may be presented to all members as a mission statement. As a new generation of members enter into a discourse community, new interests may appear. What was originally mapped out may be recreated to accommodate any updated interests.〔Little, M. ( 1,2,3 ), C.F.C. ( 1 ) Jordens, and E.-J. ( 1 ) Sayers. "Discourse Communities And The Discourse Of Experience." Health 7.1 (2003): 73-86. Scopus®. Web. 6 Nov. 2015.〕 The way in which a discourse community is designed, ultimately controls the way in which the community functions. A discourse community differs from any other type of grouping because the design will either constrain or enable participants.〔Kehus, Marcella1, Kelley2 Walters, and Melanie3 Shaw. "Definition And Genesis Of An Online Discourse Community." ''International Journal Of Learning'' 17.4 (2010): 67-85. ''Education Source''. Web. 30 Oct. 2015.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Discourse community」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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